WASHINGTON CONSENSUS Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

WASHINGTON CONSENSUS - Essay Example Only the annual budget of Nestle grew more than any African country under this globalisation of economy (Robert N. Gwynne and Cristbal Kay 1999). So the launch of these reforms in the name of structural adjusment programmes on the advice of IMF and world Bank there has attracted a lot of criticism in the thirld world countries. The policies that were originally formed to give a boost to the GNPs and GDPs of the least developed and developing countries in the world.But on the contrary in most of the economies these policy presciptions have played havoc with the unemployement and poverty due to the capitalism's tantacles wide spread from the first world in the poor countries. The major criticism has come from latin american and ex-soviet republics . They majorly see the capitalism as the main monster creeping in the world on the wheels of the multinalnal companies.Ultimately the buzzwords of globalization, capitalism, neo-liberal agenda and Washington Consensus became familiar and syno nymous to each other. People in the third world have been debating these terms ever since early 1950s. Most of them argue that there is an important sense in which disagreements on the character and consequences of capitalist ways of organizing economic life actually triggered the nineteenth century emergence of modern social science. This disagreement in the ex socialist and some Latin states stands at the center of the twentieth century political debate on how best to organize advanced industrial societies; and they remain main elements dividing capitalist societies, in former communist societies, and in whole of the under-developed... There is no denying the fact that the policy prescriptions under the Washington Consensus have widely been criticized from all around the world. This situation has basically arisen from immediate debacle of soviet republics and the transitional economies were not ready for reforms immediately. The Latin America, south Asia and Africa were not ready as yet. Those countries that blindly adopted these policies did not have a better taste of these policies. People reacted badly and results were not favorable politically. The economic reforms have to be adopted very prudently, slowly and gradually in all political wisdom by the leaders. But this is also a fact that free market economies are the order of the day. The WTO has at least now been setting favorable incentives for the least developed and underdeveloped world. The international competition cannot be beaten by mere agitation from the third world. The reform in the production process and compliance with the ISO certifications and i ntellectual property rights has to be complied with all the countries in the world equally. However the safety nets for the protection of poorest of the poor people have to be provided by the respective governments. It is still widely believed that growth in GDPs is not vastly trickling down to the poor segments of society. Corruption in the developing countries is rampant and rich elite is taking the advantages of new reforms. Poor have to be defended any way.

MGMT Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

MGMT - Essay Example This leadership style entails implementing new ideas, with the leaders as the best example of such new idea adoption. The training on this type of leadership should be introduced to the leaders of the company within the first 4 months, after which the phase of implementation of the new leadership style follows in the next 8 months. To address the challenge of change resistance by the leaders of the company, a performance-based evaluation should be introduced in the organization within the first 6 months of new company leadership, where the leaders failing to address the required changes in their areas are replaced with others. To motivate the company employees, while attracting and retaining more talented employee, an employee motivation program should be established in the organization, within a duration of 4 months of the new CEO joining the company. The motivation program should entail cash rewards, training and development as well as promotion of the employees whose performance and exceeds the set targets (Phillips, 1847). In addressing the challenge of reduced profits for the company, a change in the type of products manufactured by the company should be introduced, where the products that are not profitable are scrapped off and replaced with the newly developed products, generated by the R & D department of the organization (Phillips, 193). Facing off the old and non-profitable products and their replacement with new products should be implemented within the first 12 months of the introduction of new leadership. Additionally, strategies for minimizing the costs of production should be sought, with the COO leading a team of researchers to investigate the appropriate production systems and processes that should be installed to reduce costs (Phillips, 188). The whole process of investigating and installing the new systems should be implemented by the end of one year of

Captain My Captain by Walt Whitman Essay Example for Free

Captain My Captain by Walt Whitman Essay This poem filled my mind with great memories snd make think of my loved ones who are now Angels. I am still feeling the connection. In my opinion, I can say that peopleare physically dead be we can keep them in our mind alive as long as we want them to be part of our lives. Father and I had different character. We had the same interest such as reading, watching news, assisting on conference-debates. We had the same taste but we were hardly shared our opinion. This was because of me, I was very shy when I was a teenager. That makes our relationship† very special† and I miss it deeply. We did many things together that help us to become good friend such as driving. When I was 19 year old, my captain taught to drive and new situations always make me bit nervous, and my first drive was no exception. Things were not quite easy for me, but my captain was very patient. This driving session brought us very close to each other because I could not avoid him like I used to do before. I had at least 6 hours a week for my driving lesson. My late father there for me every time I needed him. When I started the University, he was driving me to school like a little girl who starts a kindergarden. I was not the only child in the house but I was so special. Life then was stress free because everything has been taking care of me. My only sadness is that my son will never meet his grandfather spending time together, playing around, but I know even from Heaven he is watching over us. He is now my angel and he is very proud of me because I am following his paths.

Miley Cyrus Essay Example for Free

Miley Cyrus Essay Miley Cyrus has always been an important figure to me and to my identity. I begun my teenage years watching Hannah Montana every night before going to bed, listening to her songs as both, Miley and Hannah and I even used to learn the lyrics to every song that eventually helped me a lot to improve my english speaking skills. I also had Hannah Montana room appliances, posters and even my bedding was from the famous show. As I see these pictures and also videos, followed by all the comments that are being posted about her everywhere from Youtube to Twitter and from Facebook to many gossip magazines everywhere I look. I feel hurt and I cannot imagine how much pressure she must be feeling at the moment. We live in a world that still doesnt know how to appreciate and is full of hate that doesnt go away easily. Personally, I don not have a problem with what she is doing, but I am really curious, I cannot understand how a person could change not only her appearance, her way of dressing but also her personality from night to morning. I do not dislike who she is now, though I find it disturbing how being a role model to so many young girls she really doesnt care about dancing in front of everyone in such an obscene way or posting pictures on her personal Instagram consuming drugs, for instance the picture where she is smoking a joint of weed. Girls that are still young and even older ones can totally follow these actions and do the same just because their idol is doing it, so in this way I dont think she is doing the right thing. As long as I know, Miley did not have many cheerful times, the last six months of her busy life. She struggled with many aspects of her personal life, just like we all do from time to time. Perhaps she did not know how to manage this in a different way so she decided to make a drastic change. Comparing the two pictures, the first one where her hair is long, she wears an acceptable dress and she smiles sweetly, the other picture below that one was at this years VMAs and she is looks so much more outrageous, her hairstyle completely change, she went from long, brunette to short very light blonde hair. She also changed her clothes and it seems that showing skin is something that makes her feel better, she does not smile but she pulls her tongue out of her mouth and makes signs with her hands. I understand her at this point because as a teenager, I feel how pressure starts to accumulate more in life everyday as I grow older, it is not easy to deal with everything, to find a balance in life. Sometimes things dont go very well or as planned, I get hurt, we all get hurt and we have to learn from mistakes but sometimes I want to be someone else, I want to change who I am and feel different, new and refreshed. From one side, I truly admire the way she reacts to the situation. She is being so critiqued on every move she does, everything she does will be known because she caused so much polemic that way too many people are just on her feet and will not stop wanting to see and know what she does. The media follows her, portrays her in a negative way and she does not care, because she feels happy doing whatever she wants and being different. Cyrus has already spoken many times to the public answering to the publics negative response and the way she answers its been so confident that it is very impressive. I think I have much to learn from her, not from the obscene dance moves and the lack of clothes in public. Instead, learn from the attitude she has taken and how strong she is by not letting comments and people bring her down.

Are Criminals Born Or Made At Birth Criminology Essay

Are Criminals Born Or Made At Birth Criminology Essay What causes or contributes to criminal behaviour within an individual is very difficult to explain because there are many different theories around this issue. Some scientist such as Cesare Lombroso which begun Scientific Criminology believed that individuals are biologically predisposed to criminal behaviour (Male Crime and Deviance pg.5).Later others followed such as Ernest Hooten and William Sheldon which differentiated criminals from non criminals from certain feature such as mixed coloured eyes or reddish hair.( Male Crime and Deviance pg.6). Although these theories where discredited because of prejudices and methodological weakness it led the way to other forms of theories such as the heredity -Genetic theory , the XYY Chromosome theory, and brain and neurological dysfunction theories . Other researchers do not believe that criminal behaviour is derived biologically, they believe that things like a persons cultural surrounds, their genes and their environment predisposes them t o criminal behaviour. As a result criminals, these researchers strive to prove that individuals are a product of their environment and surroundings. Therefore the main purpose of this essay is to draw from certain theories to assist in explaining the fact that individuals are biologically predisposed to criminal behaviour. The thought that individuals were born criminals originated in nineteenth century Italy, with Italian physician Cesare Lombrosos book entitled LUomo Delinquente. Throughout his book he discussed scientific criminology which was influenced by Charles Darwins theory of evolution (Male Crime and Deviance pg.5). Lombroso proposed that some people were biologically predisposed to criminal behaviour or born to commit crime, he also believed that criminals were products of atavism or biological throwbacks to earlier genetic forms (Male Crime and Deviance pg.5). Concept of Atavism Lombrosos general theory suggested that criminals are distinguished from noncriminals by multiple physical anomalies (CBS Interactive Inc 2010).For his examination he used Italian prisoners and army personnel. He advanced that criminals and noncriminal could be differentiated by physical stigmata-such as large lips, flat nose, and certain shapes of the skull-as well as such preferences as tattoos or involvement in orgies (Male Crime and Deviance pg 6). Although his theory was later rejected it led to different physicians such as Ernest Hooten who began to expand on Lombrosos scientific criminology theory. He attempted to explain male criminality by using body type theories in his 1939 book entitled Crime and the Man. Which explained that criminals could be indentified by mixed eye colour, reddish hair also that tall heavy men were most likely murders (Male Crime and Deviance pg.6)? William Sheldon soon followed in 1940 when he systematically showed a correlation between body type and juvenile delinquency (Male Crime and Deviance pg. 6). He describes three body types which were endomorphics, ectomorphics and mesomorphics, which each related to a certain personality or temperance trait. Mesomorphics were characterized as muscular, hard, assertive, aggressive, and active. These types were believed to be the most likely to participate in crime (Male Crime and Deviance pg. 6). Although all of thes e theories were later rejected because of methodological weaknesses they opened the door to many other theories regarding biological criminality Theories such as the heredity -Genetic Theory, the XYY Chromosome theory and also Hyperactivity and Antisocial behaviour theory support the fact that individuals are biologically predisposed to crime. They also differentiate from past theories because they are scientifically based rather than bias and racist. For example the heredity genetic theory supported by biological theorists such as Richard Dugdale and Henry Goddard explain that male crime and abnormal behaviour are due to the genetic transmissions of certain mental or physical characteristics from generation to generation (Male Crime and Deviance pg.6). While other researchers found that certain biological characteristics such as low birth weight and other prenatal problems predispose some children to delinquency and criminality. Therefore making it clear in this theory that some i ndividuals have certain biological characteristic that make them immune to criminal behaviour. The XXY chromosome theory is different from the heredity -Genetic theory, but it also supports the fact that criminals are born and not made. Researchers have discovered a genetic abnormality in some males, where as the normal chromosome count for a male is XY some males had an extra Y (XYY) which was found to be associated with aggressive and violent behaviour (Male Crime and Deviance pg. 9) Among many other theories there is also the brain and neurological dysfunction and their effects in behaviour. Some research has found abnormal electroencephalogram (EEG) recordings of brain activity in criminals and delinquents, associating it with violent and aggressive behaviour, destructiveness, limited impulse control, and weak social adaptations. (Male Crime and Deviance pg.11)Also persons diagnosed with ADHD have been found to be at risk for a number of deviances and abnormal conditions including delinquency, criminality, feelings of worthlessness, psychiatric morbidity, unemployment, fam ily dysfunction, and suicide (Male Crime and Deviance pg. 11).Among many other theories these help explain alternative roots of the problem involving criminals. While there are many theories that support the fact that individuals are born into criminal behaviour, others do not believe that this is a valid answer .Therefore contribute criminal behaviour to other factors such as sociological, genetics and biological theories. In terms of sociological theories there are many different theories, for example the social reaction theory which is also known as the Labelling Theory conducted by Howard S. Becker in 1963. It explained that when a person commits a crime they will receive the label of a criminal, and when a person is labelled as such by society they are likely to accept this label as part of them. Now that the person now thinks of themselves as a criminal they will continue their criminal behaviour (Zomba Inc 2010). Although this theory is a very good theory, it does not really hold up because unlike biological theories which discuss the root of the problem this theory does not . Reason being that the theory neglects the process of becom ing defiant in the first place, the act of primary defiance. It does not do a good job at describing the primary part of deviancy such as murder, which is often a primary example of classic defiance (Arasite 2010). Among many of those theories there is also the differential association theory which was supported by most criminologist and socialist, this theory states that crime like crime like other kinds of behaviour, is learned. The theory points out the general conditions under which there are likely to be more than less criminal behaviour learned and thus a greater likelihood that the person will acquire a set of definitions that are more favourable to criminal activities than noncriminal ones. Furthermore, the theory states that criminality is a social rather than antisocial activity (Male Crime and Deviance pg.27). Although this is an excellent theory which tried to explain criminal behaviour there are many shortcomings, one is its inability to be validated through empirical testing because of a lack of clarity in its definitions and terminology. Also it failed to explain the origin of crime and delinquency or outline the nature of the learning process Male Crime and Deviance pg.27). While some theorists focus on sociological theories to explain crime and criminals other focus on the genetics revolving around this issue. One example of this is the Testosterone and Male Offending theory. Much of the research has found a positive correlation between high levels of testosterone, male violence, and aggressive behaviour. Early studies focused on testosterone in prisoners. L. E. Kreuz and R. M. Rose found that levels of testosterone were significantly higher in offenders with a history of violent behaviour than offenders whose histories were nonviolent (Male Crime and Deviance pg. 10). Although this is a fine theory it failed to find a concrete correlation between testosterone and criminality. There is also the Machismo and Males theory which is an important concept in masculinity and its relationship to male violent and aggressive behaviour. Machismo has been particularly associated with the criminality of Latino men. Many experts attribute their victimization and sexual abuse or the macho male, suggesting that violence against women is more likely to be a product of machismo-oriented cultures than cultures that favour more equality of the sexes (Male Crime and Deviance 34).therefore Machismo appears to be rooted in Hispanic communities sense of family and cultural isolation. Although some believe that criminals are manufactured by genetics and society, others believe that criminals are a product of their environment which includes such things as poverty, education, parenting practises and family structure. Many studies have been conducted that believe that the percentage of poor Americans who are living in extreme poverty has reached a 32-year high (Christian Association for Prison Aftercare 2010). This is defined as individuals living at half of the federal poverty line. Sociologist and criminal justice scholars have found a direct correlation between poverty and crime. Therefore it is believed that individuals resort to crime only if the cost or consequences are outweighed by the potential benefits to be gained.  Ã‚   The logical conclusion to this theory is that people living in poverty are far more likely to commit property crimes such as burglary, larceny, or theft (Christian Association for Prison Aftercare 2010). Although this theory may be true it does not relate to everybody, therefore there are many short comings, and much controversy among this theory. While some scholars believe this theory to be true others believe that poverty does not have a causal relationship to crime because there are countries in which poverty is very high but the crime rate is relatively low (Christian Association for Prison Aftercare 2010). There are many other theories among them is the child abuse and neglect theory, which is the relationship between child abuse, neglect, delinquent and serious or violent criminal behaviour has been strongly documented on the literature. The act of being violated gives these vulnerable young people a street-ready repertoire of violence; they know how to kick because they have been kicked, they know how to stab because they have been stabbed, they know how to torment and humiliate because they have experienced the same (Telegraph Newspaper 2008). For example Brandt Steele cited research in which more than 80 percent of the juvenile offenders had a history of being abused, with 43 percent recalling being knocked unconscious by a parent. Martin Haskell and Lewis Yablonsky held that juvenile detention facilities are filled with offenders who were victims of child abuse. Similarly, self report data on prisoners indicate a high percentage had been physically or sexually abused during childh ood (Male Crime and Deviance pg.42). In spite of this persuasive associated between child abuse and deviant behaviour, not all researcher agree that the two are necessarily interrelated (Male Crime and Deviance pg.42). Factor or reasons for delinquency and crimes are often very difficult to explain because there are many different theories and concepts around this issue that each takes a different stand. Some scientist such as Cesare Lombroso believed that some people are biologically predisposed to criminal behaviour (Male Crime and Deviance pg.5). His theory although filled with weakness gave the ground for other theorist to follow but also put their own spin on it such as Ernest Hooten and William Sheldon. Although these theories where discredited because of prejudices and methodological weakness it lead the way to other forms of theories such as the heredity -Genetic theory , the XYY Chromosome theory, and brain and neurological dysfunction theories . Although these theories may be very convincing other researchers did not believe that criminal behaviour was derived biologically. They believed that things like a persons cultural surroundings, their genes and their environment predisposes them t o criminal behaviour. Therefore the main purpose of this essay was to draw from certain theories to assist in explaining the fact that individuals were biologically predisposed to criminal behaviour

Interpretations Of Frost :: essays research papers

Interpretations of Frost Green foliage rests on an old stone wall, which an aged man leans against for inspiration. Beautiful verses ripple through his mind, ready to pour out of his hand to make a poetic masterpiece. This man is Robert Frost, and although the scenario is fictional, it would not be unheard of for the New England native. Robert Lee Frost was one of America's leading 20th-century poets and a four-time winner of the Pulitzer Prize. An essentially pastoral poet often associated with rural New England, he wrote poems whose philosophical dimensions transcend any region. Although his verse forms are traditional--he often said, in a dig at archival Carl Sandburg, that he would as soon play tennis without a net as write free verse--he was a pioneer in the interplay of rhythm and meter and in the poetic use of the vocabulary and inflections of everyday speech. His poetry is thus both traditional and experimental, regional and universal. After his father's death in 1885, when young Frost was 11, the family left California and settled in Massachusetts. Frost attended high school in that state, entered Dartmouth College, but remained less than one semester. Returning to Massachusetts, he taught school, worked in a mill and as a newspaper reporter. In 1894 he sold "My Butterfly: An Elegy" to The Independent, a New York literary journal. A year later he married Elinor White, with whom he had shared valedictorian honors at Lawrence High School in Mass. From 1897 to 1899, he attended Harvard College as a special student but left without a degree. Over the next ten years he wrote (but rarely published) poems, operated a farm in Derry, New York, and supplemented his income by teaching at Derry's Pinkerton Academy. In 1912, at the age of 38, he sold the farm and used the proceeds to take his family to England, where he could devote himself entirely to writing. His efforts to establish himself and his work were almost immediately successful. A Boy's Will was accepted by a London publisher and brought out in 1913, followed a year later by North of Boston. Favorable reviews on both sides of the Atlantic resulted in American publication of the books by Henry Holt and Company, Frost's primary American publisher, and in the establishing of Frost's transatlantic reputation. The Frosts sailed for the United States in February 1915 and landed in New York City two days after the U.

Free Gullivers Travels Essays: Hypocrisy in Government Exposed :: Gullivers Travels Essays

Free Gulliver's Travels Essays - Hypocrisy in Government Exposed Corruption of political systems in one of the primary themes in Gulliver's Travels. This corruption is a result of selfishness as well as the inability to see things from any other perspective rather than one’s own. The first voyage of Gulliver takes him to the isle of Lilliput. There, he must play to a petty and ineffectual government. Swift uses several devices to highlight the Lilliputian stupidity. First, they are physically agile and graceful in comparison to Gulliver, who is portrayed as cumbersome and brutish. When I found myself on my Feet, I looked about me, and must confess I never beheld a more entertaining Prospect. The Country round appeared like a continued Garden, and the inclosed Fields, which were generally Forty Foot square, resembled so many Beds of flowers. These Fields were intermingled with Woods of half a Stang, and the tallest Trees, as I could judge, appeared to be seven Foot high. I viewed the Town on my left Hand, which looked like the painted Scene of a City in a Theatre. This passage is quickly followed by one expressing Gulliver's needs to "disburdenth" himself: I had been for some Hours extremely pressed by the Necessities of Nature; which was no Wonder, it being almost two Days since I had last disburthened myself. I was under great Difficulties between Urgency and Shame. The best Expedient I could think on, was to creep into my House, which I accordingly did; and shutting the Gate after me, I went as far as the Length of my Chain would suffer, and discharged my Body of that uneasy Load. By setting up this contrast (it is interesting to point out that this is the only time that Swift makes any reference to Gulliver's "needs") the reader begins to expect the Lilliput to have a higher form of society. When, later in the book (that is the first book of four), the Lilliputians show their true selfish nature it is more of a surprise to the reader because of the great buildup. The very fact that this book is put into an adventure format is to lull the reader into believing Gulliver... of course, because Gulliver is Gullible this takes the reader straight to insanity at the end. Swift challenges the reader to make their own decision by taking them from right to wrong and asking them to, at some point, begin disagreeing with Gulliver.